What is Tachophobia? (An Overview)

In this blog we will discuss the symptoms, causes and treatment of Tachophobia. 

An irrational fear of speed is called Tachophobia. Someone suffering from this type of specific phobia is fearful of doing something fast, for example, walking fast/running.

Because it is a specific phobia it comes under the category of anxiety disorders in the DSM-V. 

Sufferers experience extreme anxiety when exposed to speed or at the mere thought of it.

If this anxiety worsens, one might have full-blown panic attacks.

To decrease or control these unpleasant feelings, one avoids their fear stimuli, the speed. 

In Tachophobia, the act of avoidance is repeated. This repetition maintains one’s phobia by justifying their fear.

The pleasing feelings produced, assure them that speed is something to be feared of. 

It is true that speed can be dangerous and one fears it. However, in Tachophobia, one’s fear of speed is exaggerated and this causes excessive anxiety.

Thus, it is called the irrational fear of speed because sufferers are unable to rationalize their feelings towards the fear stimuli. 

According to the DSM-V, this anxiety and avoidance affects one’s social and occupational functioning.

For example, one will avoid travelling by car, train or plane because of the fear of speed. They prefer walking, that too at a low speed.

Walking fast or running also instigates anxiety. 

An individual also refrains from speaking or eating at a fast speed.

Sufferers therefore, lack academically or professionally because they are hesitant in working at a speed too. 

In short, sufferers of Tachophobia avoid speed as a whole, in every aspect of life.

Avoiding speed completely can be a difficult task, therefore the phobia can exacerbate and lead to depression. 

Tachophobia is an intense, abnormal fear of speed.

Someone suffering from this type of specific phobia feels extreme anxiety when exposed to speed.

One can also have full-blown panic attacks. 

Symptoms of Tachophobia 

Like in the case of all other specific phobias, Tachophobia too has anxiety as its focal symptom.

Individuals suffering from an irrational fear of speed suffer from extreme anxiety which, as mentioned earlier, can result in one having panic attacks. 

When one undergoes extreme anxiety, the body experiences other physiological symptoms as well. Such as increased heart rate or palpitations. 

When the sufferer thinks he is around his fear stimuli, he goes into flight or fight mode because of an adrenaline rush.

In this state, the body’s physiological responses help one make decisions when in fear causing situations.

They either decide to escape the situation (flight)-faint or suffer from panic attacks or stay and combat their fear (fight)-by taking counterproductive actions.

Tachophobia, being the fear of speed is experienced by individuals in different ways.

One might have more severe symptoms than the other, based on their past experiences and intensity of the phobia. 

Though, as the DSM-5 suggests, one must experience anxiety lasting for at least 6-months.  

Symptoms one experiences in Tachophobia are:

• Excessive anxiety when exposed to speed 
• Excessive anxiety when thinking about speed 
• Inability to manage anxiety
• Full-blown panic attacks
• Avoiding places or situations where one might encounter speed 
• Increased heart beat
• Breathlessness 
• Muscle tension
•  Nausea 
• Feelings of dizziness/fainting
•  Fear of an impending doom
• Excessive sweating 
• Tremors
• Hot/cold flashes 
• Butterflies in the stomach
• Drying up of the mouth 
• Migraine
• Crying/screaming 

For one to be diagnosed with Tachophobia, a person should experience at least 3-5 of these symptoms (including anxiety).

Causes of Tachophobia 

Tachophobia, like all other phobias, has no known cause. In this phobia, one is fearful of speed because of the fear of getting injured or killed. 

These types of phobias can be a result of a number of factors such as biological (genetics) and or environmental (past experiences or social learning). 

Genetics refers to the genes and neurotransmitters in our body.

Someone with a family history of a phobia/mental disorder has a higher chance of having the same or different disorder in the future.

This is because the genes of the parents are transferred to their children, thus any alteration in the genes of one’s’ parents is inherited by the child.

This genetic tendency to develop a mental disorder/specific phobia can also be referred to as a Diathesis-stress relationship.

According to this, one with a genetic predisposition will not develop symptoms of Tachophobia until and unless there is some trigger event.

This trigger event can be a past traumatic experience.

For example, someone might’ve gone through a near to death experience because of speed, such as a car accident.

Someone suffering from Tachophobia may have developed this fear because they lost their loved one in a car accident/plane derailment.

Other reasons can be media reports and stats.

An individual can develop Tachophobia because of news stories about car accidents or the number of people who lose their lives in these incidents which are a result of speeding. 

Thus, genetics and environmental factors, both play a significant role in causing Tachophobia.

Treatment of Tachophobia 

Tachophobia, like all other specific phobias, has no exclusive type of treatment that is specifically designed to treat it.

Like all the other phobias, Tachophobia is treated by a number of different therapies including, Exposure Therapy, Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) and or medications that lower downs the anxiety or other physical symptoms. 

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 

It is one of the most frequently used treatments for patients with almost all kinds of mental disorders.

Tachophobia is defined as the irrational fear of speed. Thus, the therapist helps the patient in replacing these irrational thoughts with more rational ones. 

The patients are helped out in analyzing and justifying the way they feel about getting exposed to speed.

Therapists assist them in uncovering the reasons behind their fear and later they provide them with alternate, pleasant thoughts. 

The patient is told to maintain a thought diary (with ABCD column) which provides them a replacement for every irrational thought they have, when thinking about a particular situation.

The ABCD stands for: 

i. A (antecedents) a situation or triggering event.

ii. B (belief) the thought that comes to one’s mind when in that triggering situation.

iii. C (consequences) the symptoms/feelings caused by that event/thought 

iv. D (dispute) alternate, rational thoughts provided by the therapist in an attempt to        dispute/challenge those irrational beliefs.

This last section of the thought diary is what really plays a role in helping the person feel good/less anxious.  

• Exposure Therapy 

It is one of the most frequently used ways of treating patients with Tachophobia (or any other kind of specific phobia).

In this therapy, the patient is exposed to the source of his fear over a certain span of time.

To begin with the therapy, the therapist exposes the patient to the least triggering stimuli, a picture of a speeding car for example. 

As the therapy progresses and the patient is able to control his anxious feelings, imagery can be used to take the treatment a step further.

In this part of the treatment the patient is asked to visualize/imagine a situation in which he is walking at a speed.

During this process of imagery, one actually feels being in that particular situation or place, experiencing various senses.

 Once the person successfully, without feeling anxious clears this step of the therapy, he is then exposed to real speed, in a train for example.  

While the patient is being exposed to different intensities of stimuli during the various stages of therapy, the therapist simultaneously teaches them coping exercises.

These include, breathing techniques or muscle relaxation methods to lower their anxiety, when in an actual fear/anxiety causing situation.

This teaches them how to remain calm when exposed to the fear stimuli.

Before actually starting the exposure therapy, the therapist needs to figure out the intensity of the patient’s fear, as to deduce whether they will be able to undergo this treatment, without any physical or psychological harm caused to them during the exposure processes. 

However, these steps desensitize one to their fear of speed, by exposing them to that stimuli repeatedly, until they learn to undergo the situation without anxiety/panic attacks.

• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) 

MBSR is a meditation therapy, used to manage stress or anxiety. It is an 8-week program which includes group sessions.

Mindfulness meditation and Hatha yoga are practiced in these sessions.

Lectures and group discussions are also done to talk about mental health and increase interactivity.

In mindfulness meditation the person is told to, for example, focus on the sensations felt while breathing or the rhythm of the chest rising and falling during the process.

This distracts the person’s attention from something stressful to something which is neutral and soothing. 

For quick and effective treatment, patients are also given a set of home works, for example 45 minutes of yoga and meditation sessions for 6 days a week and to record their results/feelings in a book or diary for 15 minutes a day.

• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) 

This is another effective therapy used to treat Tachophobia.

It is more commonly used with people suffering from personality disorders, but is also useful with patients suffering from this type of phobia.

Coping skills are taught in the DBT group which lasts for about 6-months and can have a number of people (depending on how many join the group).

            i. Half-smiling is the first module of DBT. It is a technique that is used with patients who are distressed because of their irrational thoughts.

The technique is known as ‘Half-smiling’ because the person is first advised to think about the stimuli that fears or upsets them, and while doing so they are told to lift the corners of their mouths by subtly smiling.

Smiling is not that will help one get rid of these unpleasant thoughts, it is the person’s ability to constrain itself from thinking about those thoughts while half smiling.

          ii. Mindfulness, the second module, is another technique used in DBT groups which helps the individual in getting rid of those negative thoughts.

Individuals are told to focus on the present and be attentive to what is going on around them at the moment.

This helps in breaking the link between their mind and any negative thought that might come to them then. 

For example, a person is told to focus on his breath or on the smell of a certain food presented to them, making use of their olfactory sense. 

         iii. The third technique or module of the DBT is distress tolerance skills.

This module teaches people to calm themselves down in healthy ways when they are distressed or emotionally overwhelmed.

Individuals are allowed to make wise, rational decisions and take immediate action, rather than being captured by emotionally destructive thoughts that might make the situation worse.

Reality acceptance skills are also learnt under this model so that people fully accept reality and later make plans on how to address the problem.

• Yoga/Meditation 

They are not just one of the many treatment therapies used for Tachophobia, instead they are one of the most common ways of relaxation used by many people.

Yoga tends to stimulate the meditative state of one’s mind while the person is in a particular yoga posture.

Through yoga/meditation the mind is diverted towards something more productive and calm, allowing the person to escape the negative, distress causing thoughts.

Out of a number of yoga types, one can benefit from any yoga type/pose they like. Hatha yoga is one of the different types of yoga.

The breathing techniques or the imagery one creates while in a yoga posture are the real factors that makes the person feel less anxious and diverts their mind, away from the thoughts about speed.

• Drug Therapy 

Drugs are used to reduce the physical symptoms caused by Tachophobia.

Drugs are very quick in effectiveness, as they start showing progress in the patients’ health at least 2 weeks after the medicine is taken. 

This type of biological treatment is usually more effective if the cause of the phobia is only genetic.

However, these drugs/medicines are not to be taken without a doctor’s prescription or consultation. 

Two types of drugs are used in the treatment of this phobia:

1. Anti-anxiety Drugs

Medicines like Klonopin are anti-anxiety drugs.

They are most commonly used with patients who experience panic attacks and also lowers their anxiety by binding to receptor cells of the brain that cause these unpleasant symptoms. 

     ii.   Antidepressant Drugs

These drugs, as the name suggests don’t only treat depression but are also very effective in treating phobias.

Medicines like Paxil reduce the anxious feelings of a person and makes him feel calm. They need to be taken on a daily basis but not without a doctor’s advice.

Whether the cause of Tachophobia, or any other type of specific phobia is genetics, environmental or both, the best and the most effective way of treating them is by using a combination of both biological treatments (drugs) with cognitive treatment (for example CBT/exposure therapy).

Frequently Asked Questions 

Citations 

• https://fearof.org/tachophobia/
• https://psychtimes.com/tachophobia-fear-of-speed/
• https://www.fearof.net/fear-of-speed-phobia-tachophobia/
• www.apa.org