What Is Ostraconophobia? (A Summary)

In this blog we will discuss the symptoms, causes and treatment of Ostraconophobia.

Fear of shellfish is called Ostraconophobia. It is a common type of specific phobia which comes under the category of anxiety disorders in the DSM-V.

Someone suffering from it experiences extreme anxiety when exposed to shellfishes.

Even the thought of encountering their fear stimuli can instigate anxiety. Full blown panic attacks can follow if the condition worsens.

Shellfishes are sea animals (which include crabs, shrimps etc). People eat them as food and some dislike it, maybe because they don’t like it’s taste or texture.

However, in Ostraconophobia, one suffers from terror when they see shellfish. Their negative emotions are so overwhelming that the sufferer is unable to control them.

An individual thus, tends to avoid shellfish. This avoidance, as the DSM-V suggests, affects the sufferer’s social and occupational functioning.

For example, one avoids eating food that has shellfish in it. They will refrain from going to restaurants in which they think they’ll encounter their fear stimuli.

One will even start avoiding people who eat/like shellfish. Living in coastal areas can be terrifying. Therefore, they prefer living away from the sea.

These actions can lead someone suffering from Ostraconophobia to develop OCD and or depression in the future.

Ostraconophobia is an irrational fear of shellfishes. The name derives from the Greek word ‘otstrco’ meaning creatures with shells and ‘phobos’ meaning fear.

It is categorised as a type of specific phobia in the DSM-V.

Symptoms of Ostraconophobia

As with all the other specific phobias, anxiety is the main symptom of Ostraconophobia. This irrational fear is the driving force, which encourages sufferers to avoid shellfishes.

This avoidance can be stressful as they will put in all their efforts to escape a fearful situation.

As mentioned earlier, this is what affects their social relations and occupations.

Sufferers go into flight or fight mode because of an adrenaline rush. In this state, the body’s physiological responses help one make decisions when in fear causing situations.

They either decide to escape the situation (flight) or stay and combat their fear (fight).

In the case of Ostraconophobia or any other type of specific phobia, the physiological symptoms that are produced when exposed to shellfishes (including extreme anxiety) cause the person to escape or avoid that situation.

Sufferers don’t have the courage to fight with their fear because of the unpleasant, terrifying experience the body goes through.

Including anxiety, Ostraconophobia also causes a number of other symptoms in the sufferer.

They are as follows:

Extreme anxiety in the presence of shellfishes
Extreme anxiety by just thinking about shellfish
Avoiding shellfishes
Full-blown panic attacks
Inability to handle anxiety
Muscle tension/tremors
Increased heart rate
Inability to breathe properly/increased breathing rate
Feeling dizzy
Hot/cold flashes when in a flight or fight mode (A hot flash refers to the temporary heating up of the body when in a state of fear. And a cold flash means when the body suddenly starts to shiver or cool down, when encountered by a fear stimulus).
Migraine
Nausea
Butterflies in the stomach

Out of these, one should have at least 3-5 symptoms and anxiety lasting for at least 6-months, to be diagnosed with Ostraconophobia.

Causes of Ostraconophobia

Like every other specific phobia, Ostraconophobia is a result of either genetics or a past traumatic experience.

Someone who has a family history of anxiety disorders or specific phobias has a higher chance of developing Ostraconophobia than someone who doesn’t.

This is because they are genetically predisposed to develop it.

This genetic tendency to develop a mental disorder/specific phobia can also be referred to as a Diathesis-stress relationship.

According to this, one with a genetic predisposition will not develop symptoms of Ostraconophobia until and unless there is some trigger event, instigating anxiety or fear of shellfish.

One might develop this irrational fear of shellfishes maybe because they dislike it’s taste or texture.

Someone might have seen his parents not liking/fearing shellfish thus, developed Ostraconophobia.

Also, some fear eating shellfish because of their religion and culture. Some religions prohibit the eating of sea animals/animals thus, can suffer from Ostraconophobia.

Therefore, Ostraconophobia is caused by either a genetic predisposition and or environmental factors.

Treatment of Ostraconophobia

Ostraconophobia like all other specific phobias has no exclusive type of treatment that is specifically designed to treat it.

Like all the other specific phobias, Agrizoophobia is treated by a number of different therapies including, Exposure Therapy, Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) and or medications that lower downs the anxiety or other physical symptoms.

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

It is one of the most frequently used treatments for patients with almost all kinds of mental disorders.

Ostraconophobia is defined as the irrational fear of shellfishes. Thus, the therapist helps the patient in replacing these irrational thoughts with more rational ones.

The patients are helped out in analyzing and justifying the way they feel about being exposed to wild animals.

Therapists assist them in uncovering the reasons behind their fear and later they provide them with alternate, pleasant thoughts.

The patient is told to maintain a thought diary (with ABCD column) which provides them a replacement for every irrational thought they have, when thinking about a particular situation.

The ABCD stands for:

i. A (antecedents) a situation or triggering event.

ii. B (belief) the thought that comes to one’s mind when in that triggering situation.

iii. C (consequences) the symptoms/feelings caused by that event/thought

iv. D (dispute) alternate, rational thoughts provided by the therapist in an attempt to dispute/challenge those irrational beliefs.

This last section of the thought diary is what really plays a role in helping the person feel good/less anxious.

• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

This is another effective therapy used to treat Ostraconophobia.

It is more commonly used with people suffering from personality disorders, but is also useful with patients of this ‘animal’ specific phobia.

Coping skills are taught in the DBT group which lasts for about 6-months and can have a number of people (depending on how many join the group).

i.Half-smiling is the first module of DBT. It is a technique that is used with patients who are distressed because of their irrational thoughts.

The technique is known as ‘Half-smiling’ because the person is first advised to think about the stimuli that fears or upsets them, and while doing so they are told to lift the corners of their mouths by subtly smiling.

Smiling is not that will help one get rid of these unpleasant thoughts, it is the person’s ability to constrain itself from thinking about those thoughts while half smiling.

ii.Mindfulness, the second module, is another technique used in DBT groups which helps the individual in getting rid of those negative thoughts.

Individuals are told to focus on the present and be attentive to what is going on around them at the moment.

This helps in breaking the link between their mind and any negative thought that might come to them then.

For example, a person is told to focus on his breath or on the sound of the blowing wind, making use of their auditory sense.

iii.The third technique or module of the DBT is distress tolerance skills. This module teaches people to calm themselves down in healthy ways when they are distressed or emotionally overwhelmed.

Individuals are allowed to make wise, rational decisions and take immediate action, rather than being captured by emotionally destructive thoughts that might make the situation worse.

Reality acceptance skills are also learnt under this model so that people fully accept reality and later make plans on how to address the problem/fearful aspects to it.

• Exposure Therapy

It is one of the most frequently used ways of treating patients with Ostraconophobia (or any other kind of specific phobia).

In this therapy, the patient is exposed to the source of his fear over a certain span of time.

To begin with the therapy, the therapist exposes the patient to the least triggering stimuli, a picture of shellfish for example.

As the therapy progresses and the patient is able to control his anxious feelings, imagery can be used to take the treatment a step further.

In this part of the treatment the patient is asked to visualize/imagine a situation in which he is eating a shellfish.

During this process of imagery, one actually feels being in that particular situation or place, experiencing various senses.

Once the person successfully, without feeling anxious clears this step of the therapy, he is then exposed to real shellfishes, in an aquarium for example.

While the patient is being exposed to different intensities of stimuli during the various stages of therapy, the therapist simultaneously teaches them coping exercises.

These include, breathing techniques or muscle relaxation methods to lower their anxiety, when in an actual fear/anxiety causing situation.

This teaches them how to remain calm when exposed to the fear stimuli.

Before actually starting the exposure therapy, the therapist needs to figure out the intensity of the patient’s fear, as to deduce whether they will be able to undergo this treatment, without any physical or psychological harm caused to them during the exposure processes.

However, these steps desensitize one to their fear of shellfishes, by exposing them to that stimuli repeatedly, until they learn to undergo the situation without anxiety/panic attacks.

• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

MBSR is a meditation therapy, used to manage stress or anxiety. It is an 8-week program which includes group sessions.

Mindfulness meditation and Hatha yoga are practiced in these sessions, lectures and group discussions are also done to talk about mental health and increase interactivity.

In mindfulness meditation the person is told to, for example, to focus on the sensations felt while breathing or the rhythm of the chest rising and falling during the process.

This distracts the person’s attention from something stressful to something which is neutral and soothing.

For quick and effective treatment, patients are also given a set of home works, for example 45 minutes of yoga and meditation, 6 days a week and to record their results/feelings in a book or diary for 15 minutes a day.

• Drug Therapy

Drugs are used to reduce the physical symptoms caused by Ostraconophobia.

Drugs are very quick in effectiveness, as they start showing progress in the patients’ health at least 2 weeks after the medicine is taken.

This type of biological treatment is usually more effective if the cause of the phobia is only genetic.

However, these drugs/medicines are not to be taken without a doctor’s prescription or consultation.

Two types of drugs are used in the treatment of this phobia:

i. Anti-anxiety Drugs

Medicines like Valium are anti-anxiety drugs.

They are most commonly used with patients who experience panic attacks and also lowers their anxiety by binding to receptor cells of the brain that cause these unpleasant symptoms.

ii. Antidepressant Drugs

These drugs, as the name suggests don’t only treat depression but are also very effective in treating phobias.

Medicines like Lexapro reduce the anxious feelings of a person and makes him feel calm. They need to be taken on a daily basis but not without a doctor’s advice.

• Yoga/Meditation

They are not just one of the many treatment therapies used for Ostraconophobia, instead they are one of the most common ways of relaxation used by many people.

Yoga tends to stimulate the meditative state of one’s mind while a person is in a particular yoga posture.

Through yoga/meditation the mind is diverted towards something more productive and calm, allowing the person to escape the negative, distress causing thoughts.

Out of a number of yoga types, one can benefit from any yoga type/pose they like. Hatha yoga is one of the different types of yoga.

The breathing techniques or the imagery one creates while in a yoga posture are the real factors that makes the person feel less anxious and diverts their mind, away from the thoughts about shellfishes.

Whether the cause of Ostraconophobia, or any other type of specific phobia is genetics, environmental or both, the best and the most effective way of treating them is by using a combination of both biological treatments (drugs) with cognitive treatment (for example CBT/exposure therapy).