What is Hygrophobia? (An Overview)

In this blog we will discuss the symptoms, causes and treatment of Hygrophobia.

The irrational fear of liquids, dampness and moisture is called Hygrophobia.

People suffering from this type of specific phobia experience extreme anxiety when exposed to their fear stimuli.

Not just exposure but the thought of their fear causing stimuli (liquid, dampness or moisture) can instigate excessive anxiety.

If the anxiety worsens, one might even have full-blown panic attacks.

Hygrophobia is a specific phobia, categorized under the anxiety disorders in the DSM-V.

One must have anxiety lasting for at least 6-months, with social occupational dysfunction. 

Someone with Hygrophobia will avoid running into a situation where they come across liquids, dampness or humidity.

For example, a sufferer will opt to live in a place (country/city) which is dry and has low levels of humidity or rainfall.

This is because tropical or coastal cities experience more rainfall and humidity, which brings along with it dampness or moisture.

Because of this reason they might have to leave their family or job in order to move to a different place to live.

This act of avoidance is what affects ones social (family life) and occupational (career and education) functioning.

This can also result in one isolating himself from the rest of the world if the phobia is intense, leading to depression in the long run. 

The sufferer, as the examples depict, puts in all his efforts to avoid any contact with or sight of liquids, dampness or moisture in Hygrophobia.

These repetitive acts of avoidance, though makes the sufferer feel pleasant and calm, in reality this is what maintains their fear.

As these actions prove to them that liquids, dampness and moisture are things or situations to be scared of.

In Hygrophobia, like in all other specific phobia, the act of avoidance can cause into compulsions.

This can lead to one develop Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in the future.  

Hygrophobia is the irrational fear of liquids, dampness or moisture. Sufferers are afraid of liquids in any form.

The word Hygrophobia originated from the Greek word ‘hygro’ meaning moisture and ‘phobos’ meaning fear.

Thus, it is a specific phobia of liquids, moisture and dampness. 

Symptoms 

People with Hygrophobia, like in all other specific phobias experience intense anxiety when exposed to any forms or liquids, moisture or dampness.

They’re unable to control this anxiety and thus end up feeling more anxious.

This anxiousness, in extreme cases can give rise to full-blown panic attacks. 

The sufferer goes into flight or fight mode because of an adrenaline rush.

In this state, the body’s physiological responses help one make decisions when in fear causing situations.

They either decide to escape the situation (flight) or stay and combat their fear (fight). 

In the case of Hygrophobia or any other type of specific phobia, the physiological symptoms that are produced when exposed to their fear stimuli (including extreme anxiety) cause the person to escape or avoid that situation.

Sufferers don’t have the courage to fight with their fear because of the unpleasant, terrifying experience the body goes through.  

Apart from anxiety, Hygrophobia has a number of other physiological symptoms which include:

• Extreme anxiety upon an encounter with liquids, moisture or dampness 
• Extreme anxiety when thinking about liquids, dampness or moisture
• Avoiding the fear stimuli 
• Full-blown panic attacks 
• Inability to control anxiety 
• Muscle tension/tremors 
• Hyperventilation
• Increased heart rate 
• Feeling dizzy 
• Hot/cold flashes when in a flight or fight mode (A hot flash refers to the temporary heating up of the body when in a state of fear. And a cold flash means when the body suddenly starts to shiver or cool down, when encountered by a fear stimulus)
• Migraine 
• Nausea 
• Upset stomach

Out of these, one should experience at least 3-5 symptoms (including anxiety) to be diagnosed with Hygrophobia. 

Causes 

Hygrophobia, like all other specific phobias has no known cause.

These types of phobias can be a result of a number of factors such as biological (genetics) and or environmental (past experiences or social learning). 

Genetics refers to the genes and neurotransmitters in our body.

Someone with a family history of a phobia/mental disorder has a higher chance of having the same or different disorder in the future.

This is because the genes of the parents are transferred to their children, thus any alteration in the genes of ones’ parents are transmitted into their child.

 Someone whose parent(s) have Hygrophobia is more likely to have it, as compared to a person who doesn’t have a family history of any disorder.

This genetic tendency to develop a mental disorder/specific phobia can also be referred to as a Diathesis-stress relationship.

According to this, one with a genetic predisposition will not develop symptoms of Arachibutyrophobia until and unless there is some trigger event, instigating anxiety or fear of peanut butter.

This triggering event can be a past-traumatic experience.

For example, someone might have had an accident due to moisture on roads in humid climates, or may be their parents or loved ones lost their life this way. 

Another example can be the wet feeling that one experiences in moist damp climates might be the reason for someone’s fear.

Additionally, an individual might have slipped over a liquid and had a physical injury or saw or heard someone go through it, can develop Hygrophobia. 

Therefore, Hygrophobia like all other specific phobias has no definite cause.

It can be caused by both, genetics and or environmental events. 

Treatment 

Hygrophobia like all other specific phobias has no exclusive type of treatment that is specifically designed to treat it.

Like all the other specific phobias, Hygrophobia is treated by a number of different therapies including, Exposure Therapy, Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) and or medications that lower downs the anxiety or other physical symptoms. 

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 

It is one of the most frequently used treatment for patients with almost all kinds of mental disorders.

Hygrophobia is defined as the irrational fear of liquids, moisture or dampness.

Thus, the therapist helps the patient in replacing these irrational thoughts with more rational ones. 

The patients are helped out in analyzing and justifying the way they feel about being exposed to liquids for example.

Therapists assist them in uncovering the reasons behind their fear and later they provide them with alternate, pleasant thoughts. 

The patient is told to maintain a thought diary (with ABCD column) which provides them a replacement for every irrational thought they have, when thinking about a particular situation.

The ABCD stands for: 

i. A (antecedents) a situation or triggering event.

ii. B (belief) the thought that comes to one’s mind when in that triggering situation.

iii. C (consequences) the symptoms/feelings caused by that event/thought 

iv. D (dispute) alternate, rational thoughts provided by the therapist in an attempt to        dispute/challenge those irrational beliefs.

 This last section of the thought diary is what really plays a role in helping the person feel good/less anxious.  

• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) 

This is another effective therapy used to treat Hygrophobia.

It is more commonly used with people suffering from personality disorders, but is also useful with patients of this specific phobia.

Coping skills are taught in the DBT group which lasts for about 6 months and can have a number of people (depending on how many join the group). 

           i. Half-smiling is the first module of DBT. It is a technique that is used with patients who are distressed because of their irrational thoughts.

The technique is known as ‘Half-smiling’ because the person is first advised to think about the stimuli that fears or upsets them, and while doing so they are told to lift the corners of their mouths by subtly smiling.

Smiling is not that will help one get rid of these unpleasant thoughts, it is the person’s ability to constrain itself from thinking about those thoughts while half smiling.

         ii. Mindfulness, the second module, is another technique used in DBT groups which helps the individual in getting rid of those negative thoughts.

Individuals are told to focus on the present and be attentive to what is going on around them at the moment.

This helps in breaking the link between their mind and any negative thought that might come to them then. 

For example, a person is told to focus on his breath or on the sound of the blowing wind, making use of their auditory sense. 

        iii. The third technique or module of the DBT is distress tolerance skills. This module teaches people to calm themselves down in healthy ways when they are distressed or emotionally overwhelmed.

Individuals are allowed to make wise, rational decisions and take immediate action, rather than being captured by emotionally destructive thoughts that might make the situation worse.

Reality acceptance skills are also learnt under this model so that people fully accept reality and later make plans on how to address the problem/fearful aspects to it.

• Exposure Therapy 

It is one of the most frequently used ways of treating patients with Hygrophobia (or any other kind of specific phobia).

In this therapy, the patient is exposed to the source of his fear over a certain span of time.

To begin with the therapy, the therapist exposes the patient to the least triggering stimuli, a picture of a glass containing liquid for example. 

As the therapy progresses and the patient is able to control his anxious feelings, imagery can be used to take the treatment a step further.

In this part of the treatment the patient is asked to visualize/imagine a situation in which he encounters moisture or a liquid.

During this process of imagery, one actually feels being in that particular situation or place, experiencing various senses.

 Once the person successfully, without feeling anxious clears this step of the therapy, he is then exposed to his real object of fear, liquid for example. 

While the patient is being exposed to different intensities of stimuli during the various stages of therapy, the therapist simultaneously teaches them coping exercises.

These include, breathing techniques or muscle relaxation methods to lower their anxiety, when in an actual fear/anxiety causing situation.

This teaches them how to remain calm when exposed to the fear stimuli.

Before actually starting the exposure therapy, the therapist needs to figure out the intensity of the patients fear, as to deduce whether they will be able to undergo this treatment, without any physical or psychological harm caused to them during the exposure processes. 

However, these steps desensitize one to their fear of liquids, moisture or dampness, by exposing them to that stimuli repeatedly, until they learn to undergo the situation without anxiety/panic attacks.

• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) 

MBSR is a meditation therapy, is used to manage stress or anxiety. It is an 8-week program which includes group sessions.

Mindfulness meditation and Hatha yoga are practiced in these sessions, lectures and group discussions are also done to talk about mental health and increase interactivity.

In mindfulness meditation the person is told to, for example to focus on the sensations felt while breathing or the rhythm of the chest rising and falling during the process.

This distracts the person’s attention from something stressful to something which is neutral and soothing. 

For quick and effective treatment, patients are also given a set of home works, for example 45 minutes of yoga and meditation, 6 days a week and to record their results/feelings in a book or diary for 15 minutes a day.

• Drug Therapy 

Drugs are used to reduce the physical symptoms caused by Hygrophobia.

Drugs are very quick in effectiveness, as they start showing progress in the patients’ health at least 2 weeks after the medicine is taken. 

This type of biological treatment is usually more effective if the cause of the phobia is only genetic.

However, these drugs/medicines are not to be taken without a doctor’s prescription or consultation. 

Two types of drugs are used in the treatment of this phobia:

                       i. Anti-anxiety Drugs

Medicines like Valium are anti-anxiety drugs.

They are most commonly used with patients who experience panic attacks and also lowers their anxiety by binding to receptor cells of the brain that cause these unpleasant symptoms. 

                      ii. Antidepressant Drugs

These drugs, as the name suggest don’t only treat depression but are also very effective in treating phobias.

Medicines like Lexapro reduce the anxious feelings of a person and makes him feel calm.

They need to be taken on a daily basis but not without a doctor’s advice.

• Yoga/Meditation 

They are not just one of the many treatment therapies used for Hygrophobia, instead they are one of the most common ways of relaxation used by many people.

Yoga tends to stimulate the meditative state of one’s mind while a person is in a particular yoga posture.

Through yoga/meditation the mind is diverted towards something more productive and calm, allowing the person to escape the negative, distress causing thoughts.

• Out of a number of yoga types, one can benefit from any yoga type/pose they like. Hatha yoga is one of the different types of yoga. The breathing techniques or the imagery one creates while in a yoga posture are the real factors that makes the person feel less anxious and diverts their mind, away from the thoughts about liquids, dampness or moisture.

Whether the cause of Hygrophobia, or any other type of specific phobia is genetics, environmental or both, the best and the most effective way of treating them is by using a combination of both biological treatments (drugs) with cognitive treatment (for example CBT/exposure therapy).

Frequently Asked Questions

Citations 

• https://psychtimes.com/hygrophobia-fear-of-liquids-dampness-or-moisture/
• https://fearof.org/hygrophobia/
• https://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/hygrophobia/intro.htm
• https://common-phobias.com/Hygro/phobia.htm